ArticleJournal of materials science. Materials in medicine2026
ATR-FTIR assessment of degree of conversion across curing-state transitions in Bis-EMA- and UDMA-based microfilled dental resins for additive manufacturing.
Article in Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Assessing the degree of conversion is important for evaluating processing quality in additively manufactured dental methacrylates. However, the widely used attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) method, based on the 1637/1608 cm⁻¹ ratio, may be unstable in contemporary methacrylate systems because of spectral congestion and the formulation-dependent behaviour of the aromatic reference band. This study evaluated a low-variance ATR-FTIR protocol based on a polymerisation-sensitive, ester-associated band pair at 1320/1352 cm⁻¹ to estimate surface or near-surface conversion in two commercially available microfilled dental resins for additive manufacturing, with matrices dominated by ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (Bis-EMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA). The conventional 1637/1608 cm⁻¹ ratio was analysed in parallel as a comparative method. Across the manufacturer-recommended processing stages, from the green state before postcuring to the final postcured state, the 1320/1352 cm⁻¹ model yielded chemically plausible and statistically stable conversion trajectories. In contrast, the conventional aromatic-normalised method showed greater dependence on formulation and workflow, and lower analytical stability. In the UDMA-dominant resin, conversion increased from 68.44% to 91.61% after light postcuring. For the Bis-EMA-dominant resin, the same model revealed a significant processing-stage effect, with a practical plateau near 91% after combined light and thermal treatment. The coefficients of variation for the 1320/1352 cm⁻¹ protocol were low (0.54-5.58%) compared with those of the conventional method (29.13-673.09%), which also yielded nonphysical negative estimates in some groups. Under the conditions tested, these findings support the 1320/1352 cm⁻¹ ATR-FTIR workflow as a practical approach for surface or near-surface characterisation of the two material-workflow systems studied. However, broader validation against orthogonal analytical methods and performance-related outcomes is needed before wider adoption.
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