SynthesisFrontiers in human neuroscience2026
Effects of BCI-based lower limb robots on lower limb function and cognition in stroke patients: a preliminary systematic review.
Synthesis in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
Background: BCI-based lower limb robots (BCI-LLR) represent a novel technology used in neurological rehabilitation for stroke patients. However, the effectiveness of BCI-LLR compared to traditional rehabilitation in improving lower extremity function and cognition remains a topic of debate. This study aimed to determine whether BCI-based lower limb robots are more effective than traditional rehabilitation for lower limb dysfunction after stroke. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The database retrieval was performed up until November 21, 2025. A systematic review of findings was conducted due to the limited number and the heterogeneity of studies. Results: A total of four studies (three RCTs and one single-arm pre-post study) with 117 stroke patients were included. BCI-LLR training significantly improved lower limb function, with one RCT showing significant between-group differences in FMA-L (+4.5 vs. +2.1, Conclusion: Preliminary evidence suggests BCI-LLR may improve lower limb function (FMA, BBS, TUG) and information processing speed (SDMT). However, effects on global cognition (MoCA) remain unclear, and sample sizes are critically small. Systematic review registration: This study was registered on the international system evaluation registration platform PROSPERO (CRD420251232191).
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