Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42464939›Full record

ReviewSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026

Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Industrial Precursors, Structural Regulation, and Future Prospects.

Lijun Yang, Chaohong Shi, Luchao Yue, Zhi Wang, Xiang Zheng, Tianrui Zhao, Fei Zhang, Chunfei Wang, Jiacheng Zhao, Jianqing Zhao and 1 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Lijun YangState Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
Chaohong ShiState Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
Luchao YueSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
Zhi WangSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
Xiang ZhengSchool of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China.
Tianrui ZhaoState Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
Fei ZhangState Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
Chunfei WangState Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
Jiacheng ZhaoSchool of Engineering, Huzhou Normal University, Huzhou, China.
Jianqing ZhaoCollege of Energy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-3133
Jing TangState Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7580-9459

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hard carbon is widely regarded as the most promising anode material for commercializing sodium-ion batteries. However, the successful industrial application of hard carbon requires not only the proper selection of cost-effective precursors but also precise regulation of the structures. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of advanced hard carbons by using commercial raw materials as precursors and the corresponding structural engineering strategies for the industrialization process. Specifically, we systematically summarize three representative and industrially feasible precursors-(resins, biomass, and needle coke)-with particular emphasis on their origins, synthesis pathways, structural optimization, and corresponding sodium-ion storage performance. In addition, we discuss the remaining challenges associated with the large-scale deployment of hard carbon and provide perspectives on future directions, including economic efficiency through low-cost precursors, environmentally friendly synthetic routes, and the implementation of recyclable manufacturing technologies. This review is expected to offer clear insights and practical guidance for the rational design and preparation of commercial hard carbon anode materials.

Indexed as

electrochemical performancehard carbonindustrial precursorssodium‐ion batteriessodium storage mechanismstructural optimization

Identifiers

PMID42464939
PMCPMC13450184

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.