ArticleRespiratory research2026
Cancer risk in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study.
Article in Respiratory research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundAlthough nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, its associated cancer risk remains largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine whether patients with NTM-PD are at a higher risk of developing cancer than the general population.
methodsIn this retrospective nationwide cohort study using the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database of South Korea, we identified 21,879 patients newly diagnosed with NTM-PD between 2010 and 2020, and included 218,790 age- and sex-matched control participants. Cumulative incidences of various cancer types were analyzed using competing risk analysis with all-cause mortality as a competing event, and cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographic factors and baseline health checkup results.
resultsAfter adjustment, patients with NTM-PD showed a significantly higher risk of overall cancer than did matched controls (adjusted HR, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-1.27; P < .001). In the analysis according to cancer type, the following cancers showed significant changes in risk (adjusted HR [95% confidence interval]): lung cancer (2.25 [2.06-2.45]), multiple myeloma (1.74 [1.26-2.42]), ovarian cancer (1.33 [1.06-1.68]), pancreatic cancer (1.26 [1.09-1.45]), and liver cancer (1.22 [1.07-1.39]). By contrast, stomach (0.83 [0.72-0.96]) and colorectal (0.83 [0.73-0.95]) cancers showed a reduced risk. These associations remained robust across multiple sensitivity analyses.
conclusionsCompared with the general population, patients with NTM-PD are at an increased risk of various cancers, particularly lung cancer. These findings underscore the need for increased cancer surveillance and long-term monitoring of patients with NTM-PD.
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