Trial reportBMC oral health2026
Effect of framed mHealth messages on oral hygiene and quality of life among Sudanese refugees in Egypt: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06649760 (Effect of Message Framing Through M-Health on Oral Health Conditions and Oral Health Related Quality of Life Among Refugees in Alexandria, Egypt), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Message Framing Through M-Health on Oral Health Conditions and Oral Health Related Quality of Life Among Refugees in Alexandria, Egypt: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSudanese refugees in Egypt face substantial barriers to oral healthcare access, resulting in high disease burden and poor oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). This study evaluated impact of gain- and loss-framed mobile text messages (mHealth) on oral health status, OHRQoL, and hygiene practices among this population.
methodsA randomized controlled parallel trial was conducted between November 2024 and December 2025 among Sudanese refugees in Alexandria, Egypt, using snowball sampling. Eligible participants (≥ 18 years) were randomly allocated (1:1:1) into gain-framed SMS (emphasizing benefits), loss-framed SMS (emphasizing consequences), or control groups. Intervention groups received 24 SMS messages over 12 months. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months using clinical examinations (Plaque Index and Gingival Index), OHIP-5 questionnaire for OHRQoL, and a self-reported questionnaire for oral hygiene practices. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, repeated-measures ANOVA, Chi-square, McNemar-Bowker, and multivariable linear regression.
resultsOf 303 enrolled participants, 261 completed the study (dropout 13.9%). At 12 months, both gain- and loss-framed groups showed significantly lower PI scores compared to control (p-value = 0.012 and 0.03, respectively), with no difference between intervention groups. PI decreased by 28.46% (gain-framed) and 26.87% (loss-framed). Multivariable regression analysis confirmed gain-framed (B = - 0.429, p-value < 0.001) and loss-framed messaging (B = - 0.330, p-value < 0.001) as independent predictors of lower 12-month PI. GI and OHIP-5 scores showed no significant improvements in intervention groups; however, OHRQoL worsened in control group over time (p-value = 0.013, η2p = 0.12). Daily toothbrushing frequency was significantly higher in intervention groups at 12 months (p-value = 0.026), with no change in flossing.
conclusionsSMS-based oral health education improved plaque control and toothbrushing frequency among refugees, regardless of framing. However, SMS alone was insufficient to improve gingival health or OHRQoL, highlighting the need to combine mHealth with clinical care.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, TRN: NCT06649760, Registration date:12 October 2024.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.