ArticleBMJ open2026
What are barriers and facilitators for implementation of music interventions for minor surgical procedures in general practice in the Netherlands? A qualitative study.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators affecting implementation of perioperative music interventions in general practice.
designA qualitative implementation study using semistructured interviews. The updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to guide data collection and analysis. The domains used were: innovation, outer setting, inner setting and individuals. Primary outcomes were barriers and facilitators for the implementation of perioperative music interventions in general practice.
settingGeneral practices in the Netherlands.
participantsDutch general practitioners.
results15 participants were included, among which 11 general practice owners, one salaried general practitioner, two locum general practitioners and one general practitioner in training. In total, 19 key barriers and 34 key facilitators were identified. For the innovation domain, a lack of research conducted in primary care and low awareness of the intervention were considered barriers whereas user-friendliness and low costs were seen as facilitators. For the outer setting domain, no barriers were identified and possibilities for external financing, inclusion in clinical guidelines and patient and media pressure were considered facilitators. For the inner setting, the lack of readily accessible information aimed at primary care was seen as a barrier, whereas a shared belief in minimising perioperative pain and anxiety was seen as a facilitator. For the individuals domain, a pre-existing heavy workload and understaffing were seen as barriers, whereas the autonomous role of general practitioners was seen as a facilitator.
conclusionsSeveral key barriers and facilitators for implementation of perioperative music interventions in general practice were identified. A lack of research performed in the setting of primary care of the efficacy of the music intervention and low awareness among general practitioners were examples of barriers. Notable facilitators were user-friendliness, low-costs and the autonomous position of the general practitioner. Implementation of music intervention by general practitioners seems feasible, yet there is still room for more research to be performed in the specific context of primary care.
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