ArticleAdvanced biology2026
Macroporous Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide and Cationic Co-Polymer Hydrogels: Long-Term Subcutaneous Implant Biocompatibility.
Article in Advanced biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Biomaterials have been developed with a great potential in tissue engineering. Hydrogels, especially those based on poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM), have innate mechanical and physicochemical similarities with the native extracellular matrix. We have previously reported the in Vitro compatibility of PNIPAM and its copolymers with a varied number of cell lines, displaying good proliferation rates and bioadhesive capacity. However, the in Vivo biocompatibility assessment is necessary to evaluate. In this work, biocompatibility and immunological acceptance of macroporous hydrogels based on PNIPAM and its co-polymer PNIPAM-co-3%APTA (3-acrylamidopropyl chloride)trimethyl-ammonium) were analyzed using a Wistar female rat model. Hydrogels were synthesized by free radical polymerization and an in Vitro assessment was performed in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Then, polymers were implanted subcutaneously and 3-months afterward, grafts were retrieved along with blood and organ samples for haematological, blood chemistry and histological analysis. Cytotoxicity and nitric oxide production did not show variability for the hydrogels. No alterations in the healing process and complete blood count were observed as well as in systemic, liver or kidney toxicity. Histological analysis revealed graft´s integration with the surrounding tissue, without evidence of fibrous capsule or immune cell infiltration. Therefore, these hydrogels are promising biocompatible scaffolds to be used as tissue-engineered constructs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.