Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42461564›Full record

ArticleClinical rheumatology2026

Association of oral outpatient antiviral medications for COVID-19 with the risk of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 at 28 and 90 days in a cohort of individuals with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Madison Negron, Jiaqi Wang, Xiaosong Wang, Lauren A O'Keeffe, Grace Qian, Kevin T Mueller, Alene A Saavedra, Natalie A Davis, Liya S Getachew, Jeffrey A Sparks and 1 more

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Article in Clinical rheumatology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Madison NegronDivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Massachusetts General Brigham, 32 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Jiaqi WangDivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Massachusetts General Brigham, 32 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Xiaosong WangDivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Massachusetts General Brigham, 32 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Lauren A O'KeeffeDivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Massachusetts General Brigham, 32 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Grace QianDivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Massachusetts General Brigham, 32 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Kevin T MuellerDivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Massachusetts General Brigham, 32 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Alene A SaavedraDivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Massachusetts General Brigham, 32 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Natalie A DavisDivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Massachusetts General Brigham, 32 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Liya S GetachewDivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Massachusetts General Brigham, 32 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Jeffrey A Sparks *Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Massachusetts General Brigham, 32 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
Naomi J Patel *Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Massachusetts General Brigham, 32 Fruit Street, Yawkey 4B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. njpatel@mgh.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6038-0346

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

INTRODUCTION/

objectivesPrior studies have evaluated the relationship between antiviral medications for COVID-19 and the risk of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC, i.e., "long COVID") in the general population. We evaluated PASC in individuals with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) by antiviral use, hypothesizing that antivirals are associated with lower PASC risk.

methodsWe investigated oral outpatient antiviral use (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir or molnupiravir) and PASC in a prospective SARD cohort at Mass General Brigham ≥ 28 days following COVID-19 infection (16/December/2021-30/January/2025). Participants completed surveys regarding symptom duration. We investigated odds of PASC at 28 and 90 days following COVID-19 using multivariable logistic regression.

resultsAmong 431 participants (mean age 56.2 years, 81% female), 51% were treated with oral antivirals. The most common SARD type was inflammatory arthritis (46%), 46% were using conventional synthetic DMARDs, and 41% were using biologic DMARDs. Nearly all (96%) were vaccinated at the time of COVID-19 infection. Those who received antivirals had similar odds of PASC at 28 days (30.9% vs. 31.1%, aOR 0.98, 95% CI: 0.64-1.49) and numerically lower odds at 90 days (5.2% vs. 10.5%, aOR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.19-1.02) compared to those who did not receive antivirals.

conclusionIn this contemporary cohort, risk of PASC 90 days after COVID-19 onset was overall low. Those who received antiviral therapy had similar odds of PASC at 28 days and numerically lower odds of PASC at 90 days compared to those who did not receive antivirals, providing evidence to quantify PASC risk when considering oral outpatient antiviral treatment. Key Points • Among people with rheumatic diseases, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) status at 28 days after symptom onset was similar regardless of antiviral use. • Odds of PASC at 90 days were numerically lower with antiviral use. • Patient-reported outcomes were similar regardless of antiviral use.

Indexed as

Antiviral AgentsAutoimmune DiseasesCOVID-19COVID-19 Drug TreatmentRheumatic DiseasesAdministration, OralAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedOutpatientsPost-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeProspective StudiesSARS-CoV-2Antiviral AgentsAntiviralAutoimmune diseaseCOVID-19Patient-reported outcomes

Identifiers

PMID42461564

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.