ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2026
Association of age, BMI and their interaction with thyroid nodules in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and thyroid nodules are both prevalent endocrine conditions; the prevalence of comorbidity between the two continues to rise. However, the independent and interactive effects of age and body mass index (BMI) on the development of thyroid nodules in patients with T2DM remain unclear. The objective of this study is to examine the correlation between age, BMI, and their interaction with the risk of developing thyroid nodules in patients with T2DM. Methods: A retrospective study encompassed 720 hospitalised T2DM patients. The patients were divided into two groups based on the findings of thyroid ultrasound scans: a thyroid nodule group (n=599) and a non-thyroid nodule group (n=121). A comparison was made between the baseline clinical characteristics of the two groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors for thyroid nodules, and stratified analyses and interaction tests were conducted to assess the interaction between age and BMI. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age was an independent risk factor for thyroid nodules in patients with T2DM (P<0.001), and the risk of thyroid nodules in patients aged 45-60 years and ≥60 years was 5.12 times and 9.07 times that of patients aged <45 years, respectively. BMI was an independent protective factor (P<0.05), and the risk of thyroid nodules in patients with BMI 24-28 kg/m² and ≥28 kg/m² was 0.52 times and 0.46 times that of patients with BMI <24 kg/m², respectively. There was a significant interaction between age and BMI (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08-1.47, P = 0.003). Stratified analysis showed that in the subgroup with BMI ≥24 kg/m², the promoting effect of age on thyroid nodules was more obvious; in the subgroup aged <45 years, the protective effect of BMI was more prominent; in the subgroup aged 45-60 years, BMI ≥28 kg/m² became a risk factor (OR = 8.30, 95% CI: 1.42-48.56, P = 0.019). Conclusions: Age and BMI have independent and interactive effects on the risk of thyroid nodules in hospitalised T2DM patients. However, the findings may not be generalizable to community-dwelling or outpatient T2DM patients without further validation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.