ReviewFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2026
Smart nanobiocatalysts for waste-to-biofuel conversion: integrating Nano-Bio interfaces and AI-driven design.
Review in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Converting diverse waste streams, including agricultural residues, food waste, and industrial by-products, into biofuels is a major challenge for a circular bioeconomy. Smart green nanobiocatalysts are emerging as next-generation tools for sustainable waste-to-biofuel conversion. They combine enzyme specificity with the tunable properties of nanomaterials within circular biorefinery systems. Significant progress has been made in nano-bio interface engineering, AI-assisted catalyst discovery, and circular biorefinery frameworks. However, a comprehensive overview integrating these fields for rational biocatalyst design is still lacking. This review addresses this gap by providing a forward-looking synthesis of nano-bio interface engineering, stimuli-responsive catalytic systems, hybrid nanozyme-enzyme architectures, and AI-assisted catalyst design strategies to improve biochemical conversion and waste valorization. Emphasis is placed on structure-function relationships controlling enzyme immobilization, interfacial electron transfer, and multi-enzyme cascade organization. These features enhance catalytic efficiency, stability, and recyclability under industrial conditions. Applications include waste-derived lignocellulosic biomass, biodiesel feedstocks, food waste, wastewater streams, and anaerobic digestion. Additionally, techno-economic feasibility, life-cycle sustainability, carbon mitigation, and environmental safety are also evaluated. Overall, smart nanobiocatalysts provide a promising pathway toward efficient, climate-friendly, and digitally optimized biofuel production. They support sustainable waste management, resource recovery, and global net-zero energy goals, aligning biofuel innovation with circular bioeconomy objectives.
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