Developmental toxicity and physicochemical characterization of cisplatin-loaded ginger oil nanoemulsion in casper zebrafish.

Introduction: This study used Casper zebrafish embryos and larvae as a model to examine the creation and safety evaluation of a cisplatin-loaded ginger essential oil nanoemulsion (Cisp-GE-NE). Methods: The Cisp-GE-NE was made using an oil-in-water ultrasonic dispersion technique with Tween 80, and it was characterised using FTIR analysis, DLS, zeta potential, and UV-visible spectroscopy. A sustained release of cisplatin was noted at pH values of 3.5, 5.5, and 7.4. Results: With LC50 values of 5.3 μg/mL, 14.4 μg/mL, and 3.7 μg/mL, zebrafish embryos exposed to different concentrations of Cisp-GE-NE showed decreased epiboly progression, morphological abnormalities, and significant mortality. Spinal curvature, pericardial oedema, smaller eyes, reduced swim bladder inflation, and decreased body length were among the most notable larval defects. Neurodevelopmental toxicity was indicated by behavioural studies that revealed different swimming patterns in light and dark environments. Discussion and Conclusion: The results draw attention to the possible toxicity of nanoemulsion systems based on ginger oil and stress the significance of conducting a safety assessment before their use in clinical or environmental settings.