Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42458712›Full record

ArticleThe Australian journal of rural health2026

Acceptability and Utility of a Virtual Reality Diabetes-Related Foot Disease Training Program for First Nations People: A Pragmatic Quasi-Experimental Case Series Study.

Neil McMillan, Ancret Szpak, Zygmunt Szpak, Hannah Snelling, Joseph Agius, Cathy Loughry, Kristin Graham, Sara Jones, Tinarra Ataata, Kim Morey and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Australian journal of rural health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Neil McMillanAdelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-0027-3095
Ancret SzpakAdelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-5646-8778
Zygmunt SzpakInsight Via Artificial Intelligence Pty Ltd, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-0694-4622
Hannah SnellingCentral Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Joseph AgiusCentral Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Cathy LoughryCentral Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Kristin GrahamAdelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-1864-1856
Sara JonesAdelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-7209-0792
Tinarra AtaataCentral Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Kim MoreyAdelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID 0009-0008-4226-3366
Alex BrownWardliparingga Aboriginal Health Equity, South Australian Health and Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Robert FitridgeAdelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-6258-5997

Funding

Indigenous Australians Health Programme 4-G19UGYN
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo test the utility and acceptability of a novel VR training tool for community health practitioners in assessing diabetes-related foot disease in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

methodsThe VR program featured five virtual patient models and a range of interactive assessments covering essential clinical and triage skills.

designPragmatic quasi-experimental case series.

settingThe VR training program was completed in collaboration with three Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Organisations in regional South Australia, with recruitment directed internally at each organisation.

participantsForty-one primary healthcare staff participated, of which 34 were matched on pre- and post-VR surveys and 20 completed at least three training scenarios.

main outcome measuresEvaluation consisted of pre-test self-efficacy scores immediately prior to participants undergoing training, submission of post-test self-efficacy scores, the System Usability Scale, and Training Evaluation Inventory scores after completing all training modules.

resultsFollowing completion of VR training, participants reported increased self-efficacy scores (n = 20) for performing key assessment and triage skills. User feedback (n = 39) demonstrated that participants generally agreed that the training user experience was engaging, acceptable, and of value for clinical education.

conclusionCommunity health practitioners generally found the VR training tool acceptable, useful, and increased their self-confidence in assessing and managing diabetes-related foot disease for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, highlighting the potential of VR to upskill community practitioners.

Indexed as

Diabetic FootHealth Services, IndigenousVirtual RealityAdultAustralian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander PeoplesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSouth Australiaaboriginal health practitionersdiabetes‐related foot diseasefirst nations healthremote learningtelehealth

Identifiers

PMID42458712
PMCPMC13373249

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.