ArticleAdvanced healthcare materials2026
HOF-Stabilized Apple EV Nanocargo in an NIR-Responsive Hydrogel Enables On-Demand Therapeutic Modulation for Transdermal Deep-Joint Osteoarthritis Therapy.
Article in Advanced healthcare materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is driven by intertwined pathological processes, including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, immune imbalance, hypoxia, and aberrant angiogenesis, while current noninvasive therapies remain limited by insufficient deep-joint delivery and poor multidimensional regulation. Here, an extracellular vesicle (EV)-centered, near-infrared (NIR)-responsive transdermal platform is developed to address these challenges. Apple-derived extracellular vesicles (AEVs) are used as intrinsically bioactive nanocarriers to co-deliver berberine (BBR) and piperine (PIP), and are integrated into a biocompatible dextran/alginate hydrogel containing graphene oxide (GO). Under NIR stimulation, GO provides on-demand energy conversion that supports mild hyperthermia-assisted barrier loosening together with potential photo-redox-associated microenvironment modulation, thereby enhancing local therapeutic availability while maintaining a safe thermal window. In vivo assessment of TRPV1 expression and tight-junction-related responses provides supportive indication for transport-associated modulation, whereas ex vivo diffusion findings are interpreted as barrier-level permeation evidence rather than direct confirmation of in vivo mechanisms. In an OA rat model, the NIR-activated platform is associated with reduced joint inflammation and edema, attenuated oxidative stress, improved macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, enhanced gait-related joint function, and preservation of cartilage structure. This study establishes a noninvasive, stimulus-responsive transdermal strategy for localized and multifaceted OA microenvironment modulation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.