ArticleGenome medicine2026
A map of intra- and intercellular immune responses across diverse in vitro stimuli and inflammatory disease.
Article in Genome medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- A map of intra- and intercellular immune responses across diverse in vitro stimuli and inflammatory disease.Genome medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn vitro stimulation of healthy human immune cells is widely used to model the immune states observed in disease, both to investigate pathology and to test therapeutic approaches. However, experiments typically focus on individual cell types or stimuli and a comprehensive cellular comparison of common immunomodulators and their relevance to disease is lacking.
methodsWe used single-cell transcriptomics to generate a reference profile of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with 11 different in vitro stimuli, totalling over 150,000 cells across 21 immune cell types. We demonstrate its utility by performing comparative analyses across the immunomodulatory conditions and against peripheral blood profiles from patients with inflammatory disease.
resultsWe describe transcriptomic responses both unique to and shared across stimuli. For instance, stimulation via the T cell receptor (anti-CD3, CytoStim™) and IFN-α induced broad activation signatures, including indirect effects across multiple cell types, whereas TNF-α and LPS elicited more restricted, cell-specific responses. Ligand-receptor interaction mapping also uncovered the dominant intercellular signalling pathways in each stimulation. Comparing to patient datasets, we identified several aspects of inflammatory disease recapitulated by stimuli. For example, IFN-α stimulation induced SLE-like signatures across cell types, whereas LPS did so specifically within monocytes. However, comparative cell-cell network analysis showed that in vitro stimuli were only able to recapitulate some, but not all, aspects of intercellular interactions upregulated in SLE, highlighting the limitations of these model systems.
conclusionsThis dataset provides a valuable resource for understanding the effects of common in vitro blood stimuli, offering insights into their similarities and differences at cellular resolution, and, as demonstrated here, helping to guide the appropriate use of in vitro systems to model disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42458559What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.