ArticleParasites & vectors2026
Wild canids as reservoirs of zoonotic Bartonella species in Israel.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundBartonella species are Gram-negative bacteria transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods and maintained in a wide range of mammalian hosts worldwide. They are emerging and re-emerging pathogens at the wildlife-domestic, animal-human interface. Wild canids are considered important reservoirs and sentinels for vector-borne pathogens, including zoonotic species of Bartonella. This study evaluated the eco-epidemiological traits and diversity of Bartonella infections among wild canids from Israel.
methodsBetween 2018 and 2025, blood samples from wild canids were collected across 158 sampling sites in Israel. Three canine species were included: Canis aureus (golden jackal), Canis lupus (gray wolf), and Vulpes vulpes (red fox). DNA samples were screened for Bartonella spp. using real-time qPCR targeting the ITS locus, followed by amplification of gltA and ssrA gene fragments for ITS-positive samples. Species, sex, season, climate zone, and sampling site were recorded for each animal and evaluated as explanatory variables for Bartonella infection status. Associations with Bartonella positivity were assessed using generalized linear models (GLMs) to determine whether infection prevalence varied according to host and environmental factors.
resultsA total of 473 blood samples were analyzed, including 454 golden jackals, 12 red foxes, and 7 gray wolves. Overall Bartonella prevalence was 24.9% (113/454) in golden jackals and 33.3% (4/12) in red foxes, while no positive wolves were detected. Four Bartonella species were identified: 'Candidatus Bartonella merieuxii', Bartonella rochalimae, Bartonella henselae, and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. 'Ca. B. merieuxii' was the predominant species detected. Among golden jackals, prevalence remained relatively stable across seasons and was higher in Hot Summer Mediterranean (Csa) and Hot Semi-arid (BSh) climate zones, whereas no positive animals were identified in the Hot desert (BWh) regions. The GLMs revealed no significant associations between Bartonella prevalence and season, region, climate zone, or sex.
conclusionsThis study demonstrated a high prevalence and diversity of zoonotic and canid-associated Bartonella species among wild canids in Israel, highlighting golden jackals as an important host species for Bartonella circulation in the region.
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