ArticleInternational breastfeeding journal2026
The impact of postpartum smoking on breastfeeding initiation and duration: racial and ethnic analysis using PRAMS data in a nationally representative sample.
Article in International breastfeeding journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo examine the associations between postpartum smoking and breastfeeding initiation and duration by race/ethnicity among U.S. women.
methodsCross-sectional survey weighted data from the 2016-2022 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) were analyzed. Breastfeeding initiation and duration were defined by self-report of ever breastfeeding and breastfeeding duration (weeks), postpartum smoking was any cigarette use in the prior three months. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the adjusted odds of breastfeeding initiation by smoking status. Cox proportional hazards regression quantified the median time to and adjusted hazard of breastfeeding cessation by smoking status. Significant interaction between smoking and race/ethnicity led to stratified analyses.
resultsAmong 203,802 women, 87.9% initiated breastfeeding; 11.0% reported postpartum smoking with highest among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women (28.8%) and lowest among Asian women (1.3%). Smoking was associated lower odds of initiation across all groups except Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (NH/PI), with the strongest association among Hispanic women (aOR 0.39; 95% CI, 0.33-0.45) and Asian women (aOR 0.40; 0.25-0.63). In Cox models, smoking was associated with higher hazards of breastfeeding cessation for all groups except NH/PI; the greatest hazards were seen in non-Hispanic White women (aHR 1.90; 95% CI, 1.81-2.00), and AI/AN women (HR 1.82; 1.55-2.13). Median time to cessation was shorter for smokers. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Postpartum smoking was associated with lower breastfeeding initiation and duration, with persistent racial/ethnic disparities. Culturally tailored interventions integrating smoking cessation support and breastfeeding promotion-including harm reduction strategies for continuing smokers-are essential to advance maternal and infant health equity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.