ArticleBMC oral health2026
Risk factors for periodontal ligament area reduction in maxillary central incisors following orthodontic treatment: a retrospective analysis using a deep learning-based CBCT-PDL segmentation network.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo analyze the relevant risk factors causing the reduction of periodontal ligament area (PDLA) of the maxillary central incisor by measuring the PDLA before and after orthodontic treatment using a previously validated cone-beam computed tomography-periodontal ligament (CBCT-PDL) deep learning segmentation network, providing a theoretical basis for orthodontic clinical treatment design.
methodsA retrospective analysis was performed on 63 patients who completed comprehensive orthodontic treatment in the Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, between May 2021 and December 2022. Pre- and post-treatment CBCT images and clinical data were extracted from the hospital's dedicated imaging database. Using the CBCT-PDL segmentation network and orthodontic measurement and analysis software, PDLA and root length (RL) of 126 maxillary central incisors, were quantified before and after orthodontic treatment. Absolute and percentage changes in PDLA (ΔPDLA and ΔPDLA%, respectively) and RL (ΔRL and ΔRL%, respectively) were calculated. Statistical analyses were conducted, including Mann-Whitney U tests, Spearman correlation analysis, Generalized Linear Mixed Model and multiple linear regression, to identify the associated predictors of reduced PDLA in maxillary incisors from risk factors including gender, age, U1-NA angle, Angle's classification, sagittal skeletal pattern (ANB angle), vertical skeletal pattern, history of chronic periodontitis, tooth extraction status, and treatment duration.
resultsAt the end of active orthodontic treatment, ΔPDLA and ΔPDLA% were significantly higher in the following subgroups compared with the reference group: patients with ANB angle > 3° [Maxillary right central incisor (T11) ΔPDLA: 9.49(13.37) mm, Maxillary left central incisor (T21) ΔPDLA: 11.02(14.45) mm, P < 0.05; ΔPDLA%: T11 6.73(8.20) %, T21 7.05(8.66) %, P < 0.05], tooth extraction treatment group [T11 ΔPDLA: 11.83(14.14) mm, T21 ΔPDLA: 11.82(16.67) mm, P < 0.05; ΔPDLA%: T11 7.54 (10.13) %, T21 8.23(10.32) %, P = 0.058], and treatment duration > 2 years [T11 ΔPDLA: 9.34(14.83) mm, T21 ΔPDLA: 11.94(15.56) mm, P = 0.059; ΔPDLA%: T11 7.00 (10.87) %, T21 8.37(8.73) %, P < 0.05]. Additionally, the U1-NA angle > 28.5° subgroup showed marginally significantly higher ΔPDLA [11.46(25.13) mm, P = 0.082], and patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion exhibited a marginally significantly higher ΔPDLA% [T11 7.53 (12.03) %, T21 6.91(9.24) %, P = 0.059] relative to controls. Significant predictors of root resorption included adult age [T11 ΔRL: 0.63(1.30) mm, T21 ΔRL: 0.98(1.33) mm, P < 0.05; T11 ΔRL%: 5.41(11.20) %, T21 ΔRL%: 8.16(10.20) %, P < 0.05], and tooth extraction treatment [T11 ΔRL: 0.73(1.42) mm, T21 ΔRL: 1.12(1.41) mm, P < 0.01; T11 ΔRL%: 6.33(12.03) %, T21 ΔRL%: 8.20(11.84) %, P < 0.05]. Multiple linear regression revealed that ΔRL%, as a post-orthodontic outcome variable, was independently positively associated with ΔPDLA% (β = 0.536, P < 0.001). Among patient-related and treatment-related factors, the pre-treatment U1-NA angle significantly positively affected ΔPDLA% (β = 0.257, P < 0.01). Pre-treatment ∠ANB (P = 0.055) and treatment duration (P = 0.082) demonstrated marginal statistical significance, while age and tooth extraction status exerted no significant effects (all P > 0.05).
conclusionSubgroup analyses identified adulthood, pre‑treatment ∠ANB > 3°, pre‑treatment U1‑NA angle > 28.5°, tooth extraction, and treatment duration > 2 years as associated risk factors for supporting tissue loss around the teeth. Multiple linear regression further confirmed the independent effects of pre‑treatment U1‑NA angle, ∠ANB, and treatment duration on periodontal ligament area reduction. A comprehensive pre‑treatment evaluation of combined skeletal‑dental features is critical for individualized orthodontic risk stratification and clinical decision‑making.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42458410What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.