3D Printing Filament Composition, Emissions, and Induced Proinflammatory Responses.

This study addresses current gaps in the 3D printing literature for filament composition (polymer type, color, and brand), aerosol emissions, and human health risks. Six metals (aluminum, magnesium, manganese, chromium, iron, and copper) were found in nonmetal filaments depending on polymer type, color, and brand using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. For copper- and steel-filled filaments, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis indicated a higher metal concentration within the filaments than on the surface. More VOCs were emitted from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments compared to polylactic acid (PLA) filaments, according to thermal desorption unit samples analyzed by gas chromatography. Styrene, emitted from ABS filaments, appears to pose the greatest potential health risk among known VOCs, given its concentration and reported effects. Toluene and benzaldehyde were emitted in lower concentrations from both ABS and PLA filaments and may pose a potential risk to human health. Based on three inflammatory markers across two exposure times using BEAS-2B epithelial lung cells, steel showed the highest proinflammatory response, possibly due to chromium and overall particulate matter. 3D printer users should minimize aerosolized emissions by taking proper precautions, such as ensuring adequate ventilation and wearing face masks, particularly during extended exposure.