Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42455890›Full record

ArticleScience advances2026

Multistage microrobots with pH-responsive release of platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles.

Rujie Sun, Junyoung Kim, Yixuan Leng, Yuyang Zuo, Jungmin Kim, Ruoxiao Xie, Tao Yang, Liyun Ma, Xin Song, Jiaxiang Ma and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Science advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Rujie SunDepartment of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6136-7277
Junyoung KimDepartment of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-3574-6908
Yixuan LengDepartment of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.ORCID 0009-0005-5299-0485
Yuyang ZuoDepartment of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
Jungmin KimDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.
Ruoxiao XieDepartment of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.ORCID 0009-0000-1000-8960
Tao YangDepartment of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1944-7780
Liyun MaDepartment of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-5860-7636
Xin SongDepartment of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-4017-9685
Jiaxiang MaSchool of Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.ORCID 0009-0008-4709-0265
Jinmyoung JooDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-1574-9842
Yoon-Kyoung ChoDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.ORCID 0000-0001-6423-1834
Molly M StevensDepartment of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-7335-266X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Targeted drug delivery in the gastrointestinal tract remains challenging because therapeutics must overcome multiple hierarchical barriers before reaching diseased tissue. Here, we present a multistage delivery platform that integrates magnetic microrobots, a pH-responsive protective coating, and platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles (PNPs) in one platform. A fillable design enables the formation of an internal magnetic layer for microrobot actuation, while the pH-responsive coating protects the cargo during transit and selectively degrades upon pH change, releasing cancer cell-targeting PNPs. In an in vitro colon cancer model that reproduces key gastrointestinal features, including flow, pH variation, and villi-like structures, this strategy increased nanoparticle retention and enhanced cancer cell cytotoxicity compared to nanoparticles administered alone. Ex vivo studies in porcine stomach and intestine further demonstrated robust locomotion on compliant and folded tissue surfaces. These results establish an environment-responsive hierarchical delivery strategy for more precise oral delivery in complex gastrointestinal settings.

Indexed as

Blood PlateletsCell MembraneDrug Delivery SystemsNanoparticlesRoboticsAnimalsCell Line, TumorHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSwine

Identifiers

PMID42455890
PMCPMC13371902

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.