ArticlePLOS global public health2026
Costs and cost-effectiveness of an infection prevention bundle to reduce neonatal sepsis and mortality in Zambia: The Sepsis Prevention in Neonates in Zambia (SPINZ) trial.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
The Sepsis Prevention in Neonates in Zambia (SPINZ) trial was a prospective observational cohort study conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit of the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Introduction of an infection prevention and control (IPC) bundle reduced hospital-associated mortality, total mortality, suspected sepsis, and confirmed bloodstream infections. This companion analysis was undertaken to analyze intervention costs and cost-effectiveness in this low-resource setting. We conducted a retrospective cost analysis, using SPINZ study-related records, and expressed costs in real 2016 US dollars. We also estimated intervention cost-effectiveness using both outcomes from SPINZ (avoided deaths, confirmed bloodstream infections, and suspected episodes of infection) and estimated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted by the intervention. To provide data for policymakers, a future cost projection was undertaken to estimate costs of the program implemented nationally over a 10-year period in real 2025 US dollars. A total of 2,035 neonates were enrolled from September 2015 to March 2017. Total costs during implementation (introduction of the IPC bundle) (April-May 2016) and the subsequent intervention period were $17,641 and $5,265, respectively, of which most expenses were incurred during the preparation period due to travel and training. During the intervention period, the program's running cost was approximately $478 per month. The estimated cost per death, confirmed infection, and suspected episode averted was $208, $204, and $32, respectively; the estimated cost per DALY averted was $7. The future model was estimated to cost an average of $107,561 annually to implement nationally. The analysis indicated that the IPC bundle to prevent sepsis-related neonatal mortality was highly cost-effective. Cost reductions from task-shifting, reduced preparation (start-up) costs, and longer intervention periods would further decrease cost per death averted. IPC bundle implementation can thus be recommended for resource-constrained settings where sepsis and other nosocomial infections are associated with high neonatal mortality.
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