ReviewMolecular biology reports2026
Innovative treatment approaches for azoospermia: causes, emerging techniques, and future directions.
Review in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Azoospermia, particularly non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), is a major cause of male infertility and remains difficult to treat due to its complex hormonal, genetic, and immunological etiologies. The purpose of this review is to examine the biological, hormonal, genetic, and immunological mechanisms underlying azoospermia, with a specific focus on recent advances in regenerative and genetic therapies aimed at restoring spermatogenesis and fertility.This narrative review summarizes and analyzes published experimental, preclinical, and clinical studies focusing on the biological, hormonal, genetic, and immunological aspects of azoospermia, with particular emphasis on emerging regenerative and genetic therapeutic approaches.The reviewed highlights that non-obstructive azoospermia results from multifactorial disturbances involving hormonal imbalance, genetic defects, immune dysregulation, and disruption of the testicular microenvironment. The literature discussed in this review indicates that regenerative strategies such as platelet-rich plasma, stem cell-based approaches, and extracellular vesicles may contribute to testicular repair and support spermatogenic processes through modulation of cellular signaling and inflammatory pathways. In parallel, advances in genetic technologies, particularly CRISPR-based gene-editing tools, are presented as emerging strategies for targeting genes essential for spermatogenesis.Although clinical application remains early, these strategies show strong potential in reversing testicular damage. Continued research and clinical trials are essential to confirm safety, optimize protocols, and expand therapeutic use.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.