In one paragraphArticle in Stroke, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
2 · The registryThe trial behind it
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3 · Its place in the literatureWho cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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4 · The recordCorrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
5 · Who and what moneyAuthors and funding
23 authors.
Yu-Yuan XuChina National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University (Y.-Y.X.).ORCID 0000-0002-7109-1283 Francesca M ChappellInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-7742-1757 Maria Valdes HernandezInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Carmen Arteaga ReyesInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0003-2424-7123 Una ClancyInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-8062-7537 Daniela Jaime GarciaInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-9457-9855 Stephen MakinInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-8701-9043 Michael StringerInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-3811-4439 Michael ThrippletonInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-7858-9917 Stewart WisemanInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-6739-5797 Dillys Xiaodi LiuDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (D.X.L.).ORCID 0000-0003-3091-1932 Rosalind BrownInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-7688-4864 Fergus DoubalInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-2769-3148 Ian J DearyDepartment of Psychology (I.J.D., S.C.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Danielle KerkhofsDepartment of Neurology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands (D.K., J.S., W.B., R.v.O.).ORCID 0000-0003-3359-0361 Julie StaalsDepartment of Neurology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands (D.K., J.S., W.B., R.v.O.).ORCID 0000-0002-9502-6937 Walter BackesDepartment of Neurology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands (D.K., J.S., W.B., R.v.O.).ORCID 0000-0001-7905-0681 Robert van OostenbruggeDepartment of Neurology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands (D.K., J.S., W.B., R.v.O.).ORCID 0000-0003-1032-9099 Anna KopczakInstitute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany (A.K., M.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-5037-2342 Marco DueringInstitute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany (A.K., M.D.).ORCID 0000-0003-2302-3136 Joanna M WardlawInstitute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research (Y.-Y.X., F.M.C., M.V.H., C.A.R., U.C., D.J.G., S.M., M.S., M.T., S.W., R.B., F.D., J.M.W.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-9812-6642 Funding
Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itselfAbstract
backgroundThe Fazekas score is widely used to grade white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in cerebral small vessel disease, yet the equivalent volume of each grade is unclear. We quantified the correspondence between Fazekas scores and WMH volume, normalized ratios, and derived conversion equations across populations.
methodsWe analyzed 1220 participants from 4 mostly United Kingdom-based cohorts representing different cerebral small vessel disease severities: community-dwelling (LBC1936 [Lothian Birth Cohort 1936]), stroke (MSS2 [Mild Stroke Study 2] and MSS3 [Mild Stroke Study 3]), and a cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy-enriched cohort (INVESTIGATE [Imaging Neuro-Vascular, Endothelial and Structural Integrity in Preparation to Treat Small Vessel Diseases]). WMH burden was quantified as absolute WMH volume and as normalized ratios: WMH volume as a percentage of brain volume and WMH volume as a percentage of intracranial volume. Transition zones were defined as the overlap of WMH volume interquartile ranges between adjacent Fazekas scores. Linear, exponential (nonlinear least squares), and log-linear (ln WMH≈Fazekas score and zeros excluded) models were fitted; model fit was assessed using mean squared error, (pseudo-)R
resultsThe pooled cohort had a mean age of 69.4±8.9 years; 700 of 1227 records (57.1%) were male. WMH burden increased monotonically with a Fazekas score in all cohorts. Adjacent-grade separation was strongest in LBC1936 (all
conclusionsWMH burden followed an exponential trajectory across Fazekas scores, with population-dependent progression. The resulting conversion equations enabled bidirectional translation between visual Fazekas score and quantitative WMH volume, facilitating cross-study comparison, large-scale epidemiology, and might facilitate clinical decision-making in cerebral small vessel disease.
Indexed as
BrainCerebral Small Vessel DiseasesMagnetic Resonance ImagingStrokeWhite MatterAgedCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSeverity of Illness Indexcerebral small vessel diseasesimage processing, computer-assistedmagnetic resonance imagingreproducibility of resultswhite matter
Identifiers
PMID42454405
PMCPMC13506189
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