ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Social determinants of vulnerability to nitrogen oxide- and sulfur dioxide-related bone damage among postmenopausal women in the United States.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Studying social determinants of health (SDOH) in air pollutant-related bone loss among aging women may help identify bone health disparities, design preventive strategies, and inform policy. Prolonged exposure to air pollution is associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk in later life. However, the extent to which socioeconomic status (SES) contributes to pollution-related bone damage remains unclear. Methods: We estimated the extent to which social determinants of health (SDOH) modify the associations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO Results: A 10% increase in NO Conclusion: Neighborhood-level analyses revealed suggestive associations between bone mineral loss and a broader range of air pollutants. Reducing social inequities may improve the bone health of older women living in areas with high air pollution. Additional studies are needed to generalize the findings to younger women and men, as only older women were analyzed.
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