Compact waste image classification with multi-student CNNs and edge-oriented model selection.

Automatic waste classification is an important enabling technology for cleaner cities, source-level recycling, and low-cost smart-bin systems. Although modern convolutional neural networks achieve strong recognition performance, their deployment on affordable edge devices remains constrained by memory footprint, computational cost, and response latency. This paper presents an edge-oriented compact CNN framework for waste image classification, combining a high-accuracy MobileNetV4 reference model with three lightweight student architectures: EfficientNet-Lite0, LCNet-0.5, and MobileNetV3-Small-0.5. All models are evaluated on TrashNet under a unified preprocessing, training, and size-accounting protocol, allowing a clear comparison of accuracy-efficiency trade-offs. On the main stratified train/validation/test split, the MobileNetV4 teacher achieves 97.09% top-1 accuracy, while the compact students retain strong performance with substantially smaller footprints: EfficientNet-Lite0 reaches 93.99% with 3.38 M parameters, LCNet-0.5 reaches 94.18% with only 0.61 M parameters, and MobileNetV3-Small-0.5 reaches 87.73% with 0.57 M parameters. A complementary stratified five-fold evaluation, including both knowledge-distilled and non-distilled student variants, provides a robust assessment of model behavior across data partitions and confirms LCNet-0.5 as the most suitable sub-megabyte candidate under the proposed size-accuracy selection rule. The selected LCNet-0.5 model achieves a macro-F1 score of 0.9247 on the main TrashNet test split and is integrated into a self-contained Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ prototype that performs local camera-to-display inference with an observed end-to-end latency of approximately 1.0 s per image. Cross-dataset evaluation on RealWaste further shows that the compact model can be adapted effectively to cluttered real-world imagery through short fine-tuning. Overall, the results demonstrate that careful lightweight architecture selection, supported by knowledge distillation analysis and edge-prototype validation, can deliver accurate, compact, and practically deployable waste classifiers for resource-constrained environments.