ArticleFrontiers in plant science2026
Rewiring of auxin and MAPK signaling is associated with contrasting shoestring and fern-like manifestations in ToBRFV-A134T-infected tomato.
Article in Frontiers in plant science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a rapidly spreading plant pathogen that threatens tomato cultivation worldwide, leading to economic losses. ToBRFV-A134T, a new isolate, induces a subset of plant responses characterized by unique severe shoestring-like and fern-like manifestations. We aimed to investigate the differential host response of Methods: We performed symptomatology analysis to follow the temporal development of shoestring and fern-like symptoms in ToBRFV-A134T-infected tomato plants. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of RNA-seq data from three biological replicates per leaf manifestation, sampled at 38 days post-inoculation, was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways. In parallel, ToBRFV-WT-infected tomato plants were treated with exogenous auxin to test whether auxin perturbation could recapitulate ToBRFV-A134T-associated symptoms. Results: Shoestring symptoms consistently preceded fern-like symptoms in ToBRFV-A134T-infected plants and progressed to a mixture of manifestations at late disease stages. ToBRFV-A134T-induced shoestring symptoms were associated with a distinct subset of auxin-responsive genes and enrichment of the MAP kinase pathway. Salicylic acid-mediated defense was suppressed in shoestring leaves but remained active in fern-like leaves, as indicated by downregulation versus upregulation of Pathogenesis related-1 (PR-1) genes, respectively. Despite equivalent ToBRFV accumulation across infected phenotypes, fern-like leaves showed a transcriptional profile highly similar to that of healthy, non-infected controls. Exogenous auxin treatments of ToBRFV-WT-infected plants increased the occurrence of shoestring symptoms and recapitulated the unique fern-like manifestations induced by ToBRFV-A134T. Discussion: These findings indicate that distinct rewiring of auxin signaling, MAPK signaling, and salicylic acid-mediated defense is associated with divergent foliar manifestations of ToBRFV disease in
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