ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026
Inflammation and nutrition-derived indicators for predicting amputation risk in patients with type 2 diabetic foot ulcers.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Inflammation and malnutrition affect the prognosis of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). This study systematically evaluated the impact and predictive value of inflammation and nutrition-derived indicators for amputation in DFU using machine learning models. Methods: The study enrolled 1,052 patients with type 2 diabetic foot ulcers. During hospitalization, 739 patients received conservative treatment and 313 patients underwent amputation, including 259 patients who received minor amputation and 54 patients who received major amputation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the correlation between the inflammation and nutrition-derived indicators and amputation in DFU. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were utilized to evaluate the relationship and predictive value of derived indicators with the risk of amputation. Five machine learning algorithms (logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM)) were used to construct predictive models for amputation in DFU. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was applied to analyze the contribution of each feature in the model to the predictive outcomes. Results: Multivariate logistic regression and RCS analysis demonstrated that systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (NHR), monocyte-HDL ratio (MHR), platelet-HDL ratio (PHR), and neutrophil-albumin ratio (NAR) were positively correlated with amputation in DFU. The platelet-neutrophil ratio (PNR), lymphocyte-white blood cell ratio (LWR), and the hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score were negatively associated with amputation. The ROC curve displayed that NHR (AUC = 0.755) and NAR (AUC = 0.756) had moderate predictive performance for amputation in DFU, which was not observed in previous study. XGBoost was selected as the optimal model to predict the risk of amputation in DFU (AUC = 0.894). SHAP analysis revealed that the Wagner degree, LWR, HALP, monocyte, white blood cells and NHR were the primary predictors in the model. Conclusion: Ten inflammation and nutrition-derived indicators demonstrated significant correlations with amputation. The XGBoost model could predict the risk of amputation in DFU, based on inflammation and nutrition-derived biomarkers (NHR, LWR, and HALP). It may help identify patients at high risk of amputation at an early stage, which could facilitate timely interventions and potentially lower the risk of amputation.
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