ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2026
TLR3 activation of microglia-containing cerebral organoid induces antiviral factors against HIV-1 infection.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cerebral organoids have been increasingly used as a brain model for studying various neurological disorders and neurotropic virus infections, including HIV-1. However, it is unclear whether iPSC-derived cerebral organoids possess functional innate antiviral immunity against HIV-1. In this study, we examined Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) activation and its role in the induction of IFNs and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) against HIV-1 in human iPSC-derived microglia containing cerebral organoids (MCOs). We observed that MCOs possess functional TLR3, which could be effectively activated by poly I:C. TLR3 activation of MCOs resulted in HIV-1 inhibition and induction of IFN-β/IFN-λ, antiviral ISGs (MX1, MX2, GBP5, SAMHD1, Viperin, and ISG56), and CC chemokines (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES), the ligands for HIV entry coreceptor CCR5. This TLR3 activation-mediated anti-HIV-1 effects could be blocked by a specific TLR3 inhibitor. These findings indicate that human iPSC-derived MCOs are a suitable model for investigation of brain immunity and HIV-1 infection.
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