ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Integrated FT-IR and SPME-GC-MS Evaluation of Toxic Fire Effluents from Plastics Containing Brominated Flame Retardants.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Despite their high effectiveness in reducing material flammability, modern brominated flame retardants (BFRs) remain poorly understood with respect to the toxic substances they generate during combustion. BFRs such as 1,2-bis(pentabromodiphenyl)ethane (DBDPE) and tetrabromophthalate diol (PHT4-DIOL) have been introduced following the limitations on legacy brominated additives. However, their thermal decomposition pathways and toxic product emission profiles under real fire conditions remain poorly characterized. Exposure to elevated temperatures may promote the formation of halogenated toxicants and environmentally persistent compounds, raising concerns that extend beyond conventional fire-safety performance. The combustion behavior of DBDPE-, PHT4-DIOL-, and BFR-containing epoxy resins was investigated using a steady-state tube furnace designed to reproduce realistic fire scenarios. Controlled temperature and ventilation conditions were applied to simulate representative stages of fire. Combustion emissions were comprehensively characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to analyze asphyxiant and irritant gases and solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. The results presented that the incorporation of BFRs substantially altered combustion emission profiles, promoting the formation of brominated and mixed-halogenated species alongside toxic gaseous products. Significant differences in the composition and distribution of combustion byproducts were observed between non-modified and BFR-containing materials, indicating that the environmental and toxicological consequences of these additives cannot be adequately assessed solely through flammability-reduction metrics. These conclusions provide new knowledge of the environmental impacts of brominated flame retardants and highlight the importance of integrated fire-safety assessment strategies that simultaneously consider flame-inhibition efficiency, combustion toxicity, and environmental persistence.
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