Bridging Algorithms and Biocatalysis: Perspectives on AI-Supported Enzyme Engineering.

The combination of computational and experimental methods has become indispensable for optimization and rational enzyme design. Recently, the development of artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools has further streamlined enzyme engineering pipelines, enabling more accurate designs, while reducing the number of variants required for experimental validation. However, due to the intricate complexity of enzymatic systems, significant challenges must be addressed before we take the next step to fully optimize the use of these AI-guided enzyme design methodologies. These challenges include un-curated datasets, the need to consider both the static and dynamic structure of enzymes, and the requirement for effective interdisciplinary collaborations to ensure the integration of computational and experimental approaches. Here, we present recent advances in AI-based computational enzyme design, discussing the main challenges in the field and how a combination with classical physics-based methods could help overcome them. We further explore novel trends that could completely modulate the future of protein design and provide our outlook on the key concepts and future opportunities that will shape the next steps of enzyme design.