Kinetic and Spectroscopic Evaluation of β-Carotene and α-Tocopherol Degradation in Fatty Acid Methyl Esters.

Paweł Grabowski, Angelika Szwarczyńska, Szymon Skorupski

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Paweł GrabowskiFaculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Lukasiewicz Street 17, 09-400 Plock, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-8918-4624

Angelika SzwarczyńskaFaculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Lukasiewicz Street 17, 09-400 Plock, Poland.

Szymon SkorupskiFaculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Lukasiewicz Street 17, 09-400 Plock, Poland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The limited oxidative stability of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) constrains their use as biofuels. This study presents a direct, side-by-side comparison of β-carotene and α-tocopherol as natural antioxidant additives in FAME produced from refined rapeseed oil, evaluated under identical thermo-oxidative conditions (100-140 °C). We combine kinetic modelling (first-order and zero-order fits, Arrhenius analysis) with spectroscopic monitoring (UV-Vis for β-carotene; FT-IR for α-tocopherol) and standard oxidation indices (PV, AnV) to link antioxidant depletion to fuel oxidation. Key findings are: (1) β-carotene effectively delays hydroperoxide formation at lower temperatures but degrades rapidly above 120 °C (Ea 6-23 kJ·mol

Indexed as

alpha-Tocopherolbeta CaroteneEstersFatty AcidsAntioxidantsBiofuelsKineticsOxidation-ReductionRapeseed OilSpectroscopy, Fourier Transform InfraredTemperaturealpha-TocopherolAntioxidantsbeta CaroteneBiofuelsEstersFatty AcidsRapeseed Oilfatty acid methyl estersnatural antioxidantsoxidative stabilityα-tocopherolβ-carotene

Identifiers

PMID42451665

DOI10.3390/molecules31132298

PMCPMC13363349

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.