ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
The Influence of Cold-Working Deformation on the Measurement Accuracy and Stability of Type-K Sheathed Thermocouple Sensors.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study investigates the influence of cold-working deformation on the electromotive force (EMF) calibration characteristics, hysteresis behavior, and long-term stability of the Type-K mineral-insulated metal-sheathed (MIMS) thermocouples used in Combination Fixed In-Core Detector Assemblies for pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants. Reduction ratios of 12%, 28%, and 38% were investigated, and samples were subjected to heating-cooling calibration and in situ aging tests. The results show that increased cold-working deformation leads to greater negative EMF deviation and larger heating-cooling hysteresis, mainly affected by the degradation of the positive KP thermoelement. Cold-working lowers the atomic diffusion activation energy and accelerates element migration, resulting in pronounced EMF drift during isothermal aging at 350 °C for 720 h. After aging below the order-disorder transition temperature, stable ordered structures form in the thermoelement alloys and hysteresis is significantly reduced. However, within the range investigated in this study, deformation above 28% imparts irreversible effects. The EMFs of 28% and 38% deformed samples remained lower than that of the undeformed state even after isothermal aging at 700 °C for 500 h. These findings reveal that excessive cold-working deformation severely impairs the measurement accuracy and long-term stability of the thermocouples, highlighting the necessity of the strict control of drawing deformation to ensure the reliability of nuclear-grade thermocouples under both normal and abnormal reactor operating conditions.
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