Detection of Water Holdup in Oil-Water Flows Using a Curved Microstrip Sensor with Resonance-Enhanced Response.

Gaoyang Zhu, Yunjun Zhang, Junlin Feng, Xinhua Sun, Shucheng Liang, Bin Wang, Muzhi Gao

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Gaoyang ZhuCollege of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.

Yunjun ZhangCollege of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.

Junlin FengCollege of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.

Xinhua SunCollege of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.

Shucheng LiangCollege of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.

Bin WangCollege of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.

Muzhi GaoCollege of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42174141National Natural Science Foundation of China 62301611Shandong Academy of Sciences ZR2022QD082Shandong Academy of Sciences ZR2024MD120Shandong Provincial Youth Innovation Technology Project 2023KJ069

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Accurate water holdup measurement in oil-water flows remains challenging due to flow-regime-dependent dielectric distributions and the limited sensitivity of conventional amplitude- or phase-based sensing features. This paper proposes a curved microstrip transmission-line sensor that jointly exploits broadband scattering responses and resonance-frequency shifts to characterize water holdup. The curved geometry increases the effective electrical length within a compact footprint, strengthens field interaction with the surrounding medium, and introduces resonance behavior within the operating band. To improve the physical consistency of numerical modeling, the frequency-dependent complex permittivity of oil-water mixtures is experimentally measured using an open-ended coaxial probe and directly incorporated into full-wave electromagnetic simulations. Both emulsion and stratified oil-water conditions are investigated through simulation and experimental validation. The results show that, under emulsion conditions, the magnitude and phase of S

Indexed as

curved microstrip transmission line sensordielectric characterizationoil–water flowresonance-based sensingwater holdup

Identifiers

PMID42451302

DOI10.3390/s26134060

PMCPMC13363993

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.