ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Child Presence Detection Algorithm in School Buses Based on Infrared Array.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
School buses serve as the primary mode of transportation for children traveling to and from school, and their safety measures represent a critical safeguard for children's lives. Nevertheless, incidents in which children are left unattended on school buses-due to inadequate supervision or the children's own actions-occur with notable frequency and can lead to fatal outcomes. To mitigate or prevent such tragedies, this paper proposes an in-vehicle thermal imaging solution based on infrared array sensors, integrated with a dedicated algorithm to detect whether a child has been left behind in the school bus. The system collects background temperature, presence temperature, and real-time temperature data inside the bus using infrared array sensors. By comparing the real-time temperature difference against a predefined presence temperature difference threshold, the algorithm determines whether a child is present under the current thermal conditions. It then verifies whether the number of positive detections within a specified temperature range meets a preset presence count threshold, thereby reaching a final decision regarding child presence. Experiments identified optimal parameters: a temperature range of 26-33 °C, a double-difference threshold (ε = 1), and a presence count threshold (
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