ArticleNutrients2026
Dynamic Remodeling of the Human Milk Serum Proteome Across Lactation: A Paired Two-Stage DIA Proteomic Study in Term and Preterm Mothers.
Article in Nutrients, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesHuman milk composition changes across lactation, but paired within-subject proteomic analyses comparing longitudinal trajectories in term and preterm milk remain limited. We aimed to characterize stage-associated proteomic changes within each cohort and determine whether longitudinal remodeling is shared or divergent between term and preterm lactation.
methodsIn this single-center prospective study conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland (October 2020-November 2021), 40 lactating mothers (20 preterm, <32 weeks' gestation, mean age 29.4 ± 6.1 years; 20 term, 37-42 weeks, mean age 30.2 ± 5.5 years) provided paired milk samples at ≤10 days postpartum and week 5. Milk serum proteomes were analyzed by quantitative data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry; differential abundance was assessed using two-sample
resultsStage-associated differential abundance was identified for 108 proteins in term milk (58 increased, 50 decreased) and 103 in preterm milk (64 increased, 39 decreased). Of these, 87 were shared between cohorts (80.6% of term, 84.5% of preterm set) with concordant directionality. Shared upregulated pathways included oxidative stress response and glycolysis (e.g., PRDX5, fold change 2.49, q = 0.044); shared downregulated pathways related to mucosal immunity (e.g., tenascin, fold change 9.61-11.41, q < 0.0001). Cohort-specific pathway signals were limited relative to shared remodeling.
conclusionsThe human milk serum proteome undergoes substantial longitudinal remodeling in both term and preterm lactation, with most changes following a common temporal pattern; prematurity-related differences appear selective rather than global. These findings support lactation stage as a key determinant of milk proteomic composition and underscore the value of longitudinal, stage-aware study designs, although formal time-by-group interaction testing was not performed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.