ArticleNutrients2026
Dietary Adherence and Physical Activity in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Southwest Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Nutrients, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesDietary adherence and physical activity are pivotal yet understudied behavioral components of self-management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Middle East and North Africa region. This study aimed to quantify dietary adherence and physical activity levels, examine their association, and identify sociodemographic and clinical factors independently associated with these outcomes among adults with T2DM in southwest Saudi Arabia-a region chronically underrepresented in the literature.
methodsA descriptive cross-sectional study (n = 257; December 2023-March 2024) was conducted at a specialist diabetes center. The Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionnaire (PDAQ; 0-56 after removal of the fat-avoidance item with near-zero item-total correlation) and General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ) were administered alongside body mass index (BMI) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) extracted from medical records. Bonferroni-corrected non-parametric bivariate tests, multiple linear regression with variance inflation factor diagnostics, and binary logistic regression were applied.
resultsMean 8-item PDAQ was 20.44 ± 10.04/56 (36.5%); carbohydrate spacing was the critical deficit (16.4%). GPPAQ distribution: 10.1% inactive, 28.0% moderately inactive, 49.0% moderately active, and 12.8% active, with sensitivity analysis ranging 28.0-47.5% in the two lowest categories. PDAQ-GPPAQ correlation was weak (Spearman r = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.06-0.29; r
conclusionsDietary adherence was substantially below the maximum achievable score; BMI was the factor most strongly associated with PDAQ scores in cross-sectional analysis, though the direction of this relationship cannot be established. Physical activity levels were substantially associated with occupational patterns; housewives and retired/other participants faced approximately five-fold greater odds of being classified as inactive or moderately inactive compared with employed individuals. The weak PDAQ-GPPAQ correlation (r
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.