ArticleNutrients2026
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and 12-Week Functional Outcomes After Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Lateral Epicondylitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Article in Nutrients, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesSerum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is a clinically used biomarker of vitamin D nutritional status, although it is also influenced by sunlight exposure, supplementation, season, and other host factors. Short-term functional status after extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for lateral epicondylitis varies. We evaluated whether serum 25(OH)D level and status were associated with 12-week functional outcomes among ESWT-treated patients.
methodsThis single-center retrospective cohort included 62 adults with lateral epicondylitis who received outpatient ESWT and had baseline and 12-week assessments. Baseline variables included grip strength ratio, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) score, serum 25(OH)D measured using the Architect 25-OH D vitamin kit, common extensor tendon (CET) thickness, age, sex, and body mass index. Multivariable linear regression was used in an analysis-of-covariance framework. Serum 25(OH)D was assessed continuously and as <20 versus ≥20 ng/mL in exploratory threshold analysis.
resultsSerum 25(OH)D was 21.0 ± 8.4 ng/mL; 30 patients (48.4%) had <20 ng/mL, 22 (35.5%) had 20-29.9 ng/mL, and 10 (16.1%) had ≥30 ng/mL. QuickDASH decreased from 42.0 ± 17.4 to 27.0 ± 13.7, and grip strength ratio increased from 0.58 ± 0.14 to 0.76 ± 0.14. Higher serum 25(OH)D was associated with lower 12-week QuickDASH after adjustment (β per 10 ng/mL = -4.04, 95% CI -7.17 to -0.91;
conclusionsLower serum 25(OH)D, interpreted as a vitamin D nutritional-status marker rather than as a nutrition-specific causal exposure, was associated with worse 12-week patient-reported function, but not grip strength ratio. The <20 ng/mL threshold analysis was exploratory and was not powered for subgroup inference. These findings should be interpreted as observational and hypothesis-generating.
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