ReviewNutrients2026
Can Complex 3D Models Effectively Replace 2D and Animal Models to Investigate the Microbe-Tumor-Immune Axis in Pancreatic Cancer Studies?
Review in Nutrients, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
The tumor microbiome has been implicated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)'s poor response to treatment, demanding new methods for understanding host-microbe interactions in therapy. Traditional 2D systems, while widely used, fail to adequately recapitulate human PDAC due to insufficient representation of structural, immunological and stromal components. Differences in cancer-specific microbiomes, microbe-immune interactions, and the unique physiological and immunosuppressive features unique to PDAC have hindered the clinical translation of immune therapies. Reproducible 3D culture systems that integrate the human microbe-tumor-immune (MTI) axis represent a promising avenue for treatment research, yet they remain underexplored in PDAC. In this narrative review, we discuss the key microbial determinants of therapy resistance, explore the current 3D multicellular modeling approaches in other cancer types, and provide a path forward for similar integrative translational models in PDAC.
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