Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42450675›Full record

ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2026

Emergence of a Novel Highly Pathogenic Recombinant RNA Virus of Picornaviridae with Blood-Brain Barrier Breaching Capability in China.

Jianli Shi, Shuo Wang, Chang Liu, Yong Ying, Yongming Wang, Xiaofei Song, Lianguo Wei, Guang Zhang, Shaojian Xu, Shun Zhou and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Jianli ShiKey Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of Agriculture and Reral Affairs, Shandong Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Biologicals Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
Shuo WangKey Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of Agriculture and Reral Affairs, Shandong Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Biologicals Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
Chang LiuKey Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of Agriculture and Reral Affairs, Shandong Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Biologicals Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
Yong YingNew Drug Evaluation Center of Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
Yongming WangShandong Huahong Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Binzhou 256000, China.
Xiaofei SongQilu Animal Health Products Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China.
Lianguo WeiQilu Animal Health Products Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China.
Guang ZhangQilu Animal Health Products Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China.
Shaojian XuKey Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of Agriculture and Reral Affairs, Shandong Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Biologicals Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
Shun ZhouCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.ORCID 0000-0002-5834-8726
Chen LiKey Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of Agriculture and Reral Affairs, Shandong Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Biologicals Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
Jun LiKey Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of Agriculture and Reral Affairs, Shandong Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Biologicals Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.

Funding

The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences CXGC2026A09
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Picornaviruses pose a significant threat to both human and animal health, causing many diseases in humans and swine. Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is a globally reported enteric picornavirus commonly associated with subclinical or mild enteric infections in swine populations. Critically, unlike other neurotropic picornaviruses such as Enterovirus A71, no PSV strain has been reported to breach the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Since 2023, outbreaks of diarrhea with concurrent neurological signs like ataxia and lameness have been observed in weaned piglets across China, in particular, on a farm in Zhejiang province in 2025 with 100% morbidity and 20% mortality among the cases. Routine diagnostics ruled out common swine pathogens, but qPCR was positive for PSV. We successfully isolated three PSV strains (ZJ, FJ, SD) from affected piglets. Genetic analysis revealed that the PSV-ZJ is a novel recombinant between strains YC2011/2012 (China, 2011) and XTND/2019 (Vietnam, 2018). Pathogenicity assessment confirmed that the recombinant PSV-ZJ is highly pathogenic, causing severe diarrhea, growth retardation, and significant viral shedding via the respiratory and digestive tracts. qPCR and histopathology confirmed viral presence in intestinal and brain tissues, indicating that PSV-ZJ can cross the blood-brain barrier. This study presents the first quantitative viral load and histopathological data for a highly pathogenic recombinant PSV strain in China and emphasizes the critical role of recombination in driving viral virulence evolution, necessitating enhanced surveillance and the development of targeted preventive strategies.

Indexed as

blood–brain barrierhighly pathogenicporcine sapelovirusrecombinantsevere diarrhea

Identifiers

PMID42450675
PMCPMC13359431

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.