ArticleBiology2026
Effects of Rosmarinic Acid and Doxorubicin Combination in Breast Cancer Cells.
Article in Biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, has demonstrated promising anticancer activity; however, its combinatorial potential with conventional chemotherapeutic agents remains incompletely characterized. This study investigated the cytotoxic, pro-apoptotic, oxidative stress-associated, and cytokine-associated effects of RA alone and in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) in 4T1 murine breast cancer cells and HaCaT human keratinocyte cells as a non-cancerous control model. Cellular viability, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, cytokine responses, and apoptosis-associated molecular alterations were evaluated using complementary cellular and molecular approaches. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid experiments were performed to assess treatment responses under physiologically relevant tumor-like conditions. Results demonstrated that RA synergistically enhanced DOX-induced cytotoxicity in 4T1 cells while exhibiting comparatively lower toxicity toward HaCaT cells. Combination treatment significantly increased apoptotic cell death, mitochondrial depolarization, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, apoptotic DNA fragmentation, and G
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