ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Estrogen Promotes Melanogenesis Through Facilitating M2 Macrophage Skewing in Melasma.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Although estrogen has been identified to play crucial roles in the development of melasma, the exact mechanism of estrogen's effect on pigmentation is incompletely elucidated. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of immune cells in melasma. Interestingly, infiltrated macrophages are significantly enhanced in melasma lesions. Estrogen could facilitate M2 polarization. However, whether estrogen could stimulate melanogenesis via skewing M2 phenotype remains unknown. This study attempted to determine the significance and molecular mechanism of estrogen-induced M2 phenotype in melasma. We found that M2 infiltration was significantly increased in melasma lesions compared with perilesional skin.
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