ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Microwave-Assisted Maleation of Coconut Husk Nanolignin: Structure-Property Relationships Governed by Degree of Esterification.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Coconut husk lignin was fractionated using ethanol to obtain nanolignin fractions with distinct physicochemical properties. Among the fractions, CNF1 exhibited the most favorable combination of particle size, thermal stability, and antibacterial activity and was selected for further modification. Microwave-assisted esterification of CNF1 with maleic anhydride was performed under various reaction temperatures and lignin-to-maleic anhydride ratios. Structural modification was confirmed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy through the appearance of ester carbonyl groups and an increase in the degree of esterification, which reached its highest value at 180 °C and a lignin-to-maleic anhydride ratio of 1:10. TEM analysis revealed that maleation increased nanoparticle size, whereas WAXD demonstrated that both native and modified lignins retained predominantly amorphous structures. Antioxidant activity decreased with increasing esterification due to the reduction of phenolic hydroxyl groups. Thermal analysis showed that esterification altered the degradation behavior of lignin, while thermo-oxidative stability measurements indicated improved oxidation resistance for highly esterified samples. The 10MA180 sample exhibited the highest thermo-oxidative stability, with a T
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