SynthesisDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026
Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Inflammatory and Metabolic Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Inflammatory and Metabolic Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists improve cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but their effects on inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers are not fully defined. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe searched PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from inception to 19 February 2026 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults with T2DM comparing a GLP-1RA or dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist with placebo or active therapy, and reporting C-reactive protein (CRP or high-sensitivity CRP [hs-CRP]), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), malondialdehyde (MDA) or adiponectin. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted using standardised mean differences (SMDs).
resultsForty-one RCTs were included. GLP-1RAs significantly reduced CRP/hs-CRP (27 studies, 1991 participants; SMD -0.37, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.14) and MDA (3 studies, 272 participants; SMD -0.98, 95% CI -1.65 to -0.30), and increased adiponectin (16 studies, 1327 participants; SMD 0.30, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.46). Pooled effects on IL-6 (17 studies, 1068 participants; SMD -0.14, 95% CI -0.37 to 0.10), TNF-α (16 studies, 1164 participants; SMD -0.25, 95% CI -0.61 to 0.12) and MCP-1 (7 studies, 450 participants; SMD -0.27, 95% CI -0.58 to 0.03) were not statistically significant, although MCP-1 decreased in sensitivity analyses. Across biomarkers, heterogeneity was moderate to high. Two tirzepatide RCTs (562 participants) showed a significant reduction in IL-6 (SMD -0.28, 95% CI -0.47 to -0.09) and a non-significant trend towards lower CRP/hs-CRP.
conclusionsIn adults with T2DM, incretin-based therapies consistently lower CRP/hs-CRP, reduce oxidative stress (MDA) and increase adiponectin, while effects on IL-6 and TNF-α are more variable. These data support a selective anti-inflammatory and metabolic regulatory profile of GLP-1-based therapy, but heterogeneity and limited data for some biomarkers warrant cautious interpretation and further mechanistic studies.
trial registrationPROSPERO number: CRD420261321430.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.