ArticleBMC plant biology2026
Phenotypic diversity and profiling of phenolic compounds in fruits of Iranian Capparis spinosa populations.
Article in BMC plant biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae) is a medicinally important perennial species rich in bioactive compounds, particularly phenolics and flavonoids, which exhibit remarkable antioxidant and therapeutic properties. Despite its economic and pharmacological importance, comprehensive information on the agro-morphological diversity and phenolic composition of Iranian wild populations remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the agro-morphological traits, phytochemical composition, phenolic profiles, carbohydrate content, and antioxidant activity of fruits from thirteen natural populations of C. spinosa collected in Fars Province, Iran. Substantial variation was observed among populations for fruit-related traits and biochemical characteristics, indicating considerable intraspecific diversity. Population CS11 exhibited superior fruit characteristics, whereas total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and carbohydrate contents varied markedly among populations. Antioxidant activity also differed significantly and was positively associated with phenolic accumulation. HPLC analysis identified twelve major phenolic compounds, with quercetin, ellagic acid, hesperidin, catechin, and sinapic acid being the predominant constituents. Multivariate analyses revealed significant relationships between phytochemical traits and antioxidant capacity and demonstrated that environmental factors, particularly temperature, altitude, precipitation, and sunshine duration, strongly influenced trait expression and phenolic composition. The integration of agro-morphological, phytochemical, and environmental analyses provides new insights into the diversity of Iranian C. spinosa germplasm and highlights valuable populations for conservation, domestication, breeding programs, and pharmaceutical exploitation.
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