ArticleClinical oral investigations2026
Effect of resin infiltration and Er: YAG laser on the shear bond strength between glass ceramics and white spot lesions: an in vitro study.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesTo investigate the effect of different surface pretreatments and bonding interface etching methods on the surface morphology and shear bond strength (SBS) to enamel white spot lesions (WSLs).
methodsEnamel blocks with artificial demineralization lesions were prepared and assigned to three groups: group D (no pretreatment), group R (resin infiltration pretreatment), and group NR (5.25% NaOCl pretreatment + resin infiltration). Subsequently, the specimens in each group were further divided into four subgroups: P (37% phosphoric acid), L (Er: YAG laser), PL (37% phosphoric acid + Er: YAG laser), and LP (Er: YAG laser + 37% phosphoric acid). The enamel surface morphology and roughness were examined using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. The same groups of demineralized enamel surfaces were prepared, and the SBS test was assessed between enamel and glass-ceramic (IPS e.max Press). Statistical analysis was conducted via two-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD test and Fisher's exact test, at a significance level of α = 0.05.
resultsBoth enamel surface pretreatments and etching methods significantly influenced enamel surface roughness and the SBS of the glass ceramics to the demineralized enamel (p < 0.05). 5.25% NaOCl pretreatment resulted in the lowest surface roughness in subgroup NR/P, but the SBS in subgroup R/P was the highest (p < 0.05). Following the etching methods of 37% phosphoric acid, Er: YAG laser, and their combination, the enamel surface roughness values exhibited a significant sequential increase (p < 0.05). The highest SBS was recorded in subgroup LP, followed by subgroup L, whereas subgroups P and PL demonstrated the lowest SBS values (p < 0.05).
conclusionsResin infiltration can alter the internal structure of demineralized enamel and enhance bonding to glass ceramics. Er: YAG laser irradiation followed by 37% phosphoric acid etching can provide the strongest bonding. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Er: YAG laser irradiation followed by phosphoric acid etching of resin-infiltrated enamel can be a potential strategy to improve bonding of glass-ceramic to WSLs.
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