SynthesisCentral European journal of public health2026
Transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings: a systematic review of healthcare-associated infections.
Synthesis in Central European journal of public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
objectivesThis study aimed to systematically analyse original research publications to provide a comprehensive assessment of the transmission chain of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The review focused on identifying transmission routes, sources of pathogen detection, and the predominant microorganisms detected in healthcare environments.
methodsA systematic review was performed following PRISMA methodology. Relevant studies were searched in PubMed and Scopus databases using predefined keywords.
resultsForty-four original studies published in English between January 2015 and July 2025 were included. Indirect transmission was reported in 37 (84.1%) studies, while 27 (61.4%) studies identified it as the sole transmission route. Fomites were reported as the sole source of pathogen detection in 30 (68.2%) studies. Among studies investigating fomites or environmental contamination, stethoscopes were the leading contaminated item (n = 5, 13.5%). Among detected microorganisms, Gram-negative bacilli (n = 94, 51.1%) and Gram-positive cocci (n = 76, 41.3%) prevailed. The dominant bacterial genus was Staphylococcus spp. (n = 55, 29.9%), whereas Staphylococcus aureus represented the leading species (n = 25, 13.6%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 12, 6.5%) and Escherichia coli (n = 11, 6.0%). Multidrug-resistant strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n = 11, 6.0%) were also observed.
conclusionIndirect transmission through contaminated fomites represented the predominant transmission pathway, including medical devices such as stethoscopes. Staphylococcus aureus was among the most frequently detected microorganisms, while multidrug-resistant organisms were also reported. These findings emphasize the importance of infection prevention and control measures in healthcare settings.
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