ArticleBMC ophthalmology2026
Anterior horizontal rectus anatomy in children with concomitant strabismus.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAnterior ciliary vessel (ACV) counts, tendon width (TW), and limbus-to-insertion distance (LID) describe vascular, structural, and positional features of the anterior horizontal rectus. Data integrating these parameters in children with concomitant strabismus remain limited. We aimed to characterize ACV counts, TW, and LID in pediatric horizontal concomitant strabismus and examine their associations with diagnosis and clinical variables.
methodsIn this hospital-based cross-sectional study, 227 children undergoing primary horizontal rectus surgery were included. ACV bundles were quantified from intraoperative images, and TW and LID were measured. Esotropia-exotropia comparisons were performed within measured muscle subsets. Exploratory analyses examined associations with deviation magnitude, age, and axial length (AL), with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Multivariable linear regression adjusted comparisons for age and AL. Logistic regression was performed in cases with complete measurements of both horizontal rectus muscles.
resultsThe mean age was 7.31 ± 3.18 years. ACV-count patterns differed between the medial rectus (MR) and lateral rectus (LR), but not by diagnosis or deviation magnitude; 59.18% of LRs had two ACV bundles. Mean TW was 9.98 ± 0.65 mm for the MR and 9.60 ± 0.64 mm for the LR. Mean LID was 5.44 ± 0.38 mm for the MR and 6.84 ± 0.40 mm for the LR. After adjustment for age and AL, the crude LR width difference between exotropia and esotropia was attenuated (P = 0.212), whereas MR insertion remained shorter in esotropia (P = 0.022). LR width showed positive associations with age (P < 0.001) and AL (P = 0.004). Narrower MR width showed nominal associations with larger exodeviations in large-angle exotropia and did not remain significant after FDR correction. In restricted logistic regression, more anterior MR insertion was associated with esotropia (P = 0.033).
conclusionsIn pediatric concomitant horizontal strabismus, LR ACV bundles were more frequent than traditionally described, LR width appeared influenced by age and AL, and MR LID was shorter in esotropia than in exotropia. These integrated anatomical findings provide a useful surgical anatomical reference for children and may help frame future studies of esotropia-exotropia mechanisms and postoperative response.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.