SynthesisBMC women's health2026
Risk factors for antibiotic treatment failure in tubo-ovarian abscess: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC women's health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a severe complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Conservative antibiotic therapy is the preferred first-line treatment; however, treatment failure necessitates surgical intervention in a subset of patients. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with antibiotic treatment failure in TOA through a systematic review and meta-analysis, thereby providing evidence for clinical decision-making.
methodsA systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science to identify controlled studies on risk factors for antibiotic treatment failure in TOA published between database inception and December 2025. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the literature. Mean differences (MDs) or odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I
resultsThirteen studies involving 1,759 patients were included. The meta-analysis revealed that patients in the antibiotic treatment failure group were significantly older (MD = 3.61 years, P < 0.0001) and had significantly larger abscess diameters (MD = 18.43 mm, P < 0.0001) than those in the success group. Furthermore, higher gravidity (MD = 0.59, P = 0.0001) and parity (MD = 0.32, P = 0.002) were identified as significant risk factors for treatment failure. No statistically significant associations were found between treatment failure and history of smoking, history of PID, intrauterine device use, palpable pelvic mass or positive pathogen culture.
conclusionAdvanced age, larger abscess diameter and multiparity are potential risk factors for antibiotic treatment failure in TOA. For such high-risk patients, more aggressive monitoring or early combined minimally invasive drainage strategies are recommended.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.