ArticleScientific reports2026
Environmental tobacco smoke and sleep fragmentation in children with suspected sleep apnea.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most studies in children using questionnaires or home polygraphy indicate that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a significant risk factor for insomnia, snoring, and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB); however, objective polysomnographic evidence in suspected SDB is limited. We prospectively assessed ETS-sleep associations using urinary cotinine and overnight polysomnography in 30 children (mean age 5.8 ± 2.4 years; range 1-12; 73% boys) referred for SDB. Parents completed validated questionnaires on sleep and household ETS, and an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay measured urinary cotinine. 46% had at least one smoking parent. Cotinine correlated with reported ETS exposure (r = 0.55, p = 0.03), supporting questionnaire validity. ETS exposure was not associated with apnea-hypopnea or oxygen desaturation indices, but exposed children had a 67% higher arousal index (p = 0.03), reflecting greater sleep fragmentation. Higher cotinine levels correlated with shorter sleep duration (r = - 0.36, p = 0.02) and lower sleep efficiency (r = - 0.43, p = 0.02). These findings indicate that ETS adversely affects sleep independent of respiratory events, highlighting a modifiable risk with measurable biomarker-linked impacts on pediatric sleep. Reducing ETS exposure may improve sleep quality even in children with SDB.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.