Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42443006›Full record

ArticleUltrasound in medicine & biology2026

Assessment of Cavitation From DEFINITY and DEFINITY RT.

Leonardo E Steinman, Benjamin T Spanenberg, Kevin J Haworth, Christy K Holland

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Ultrasound in medicine & biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Leonardo E SteinmanDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Benjamin T SpanenbergDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Kevin J HaworthDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Christy K HollandDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Electronic address: Christy.Holland@uc.edu.

Funding

Treatment of chronic venous thrombosis with histotripsy and thrombolyticsR01HL133334 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO · PI Kenneth B. Bader · 2018 to 2026
$5.7M
NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL133334
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis study aimed to compare the size distributions of DEFINITY and DEFINITY RT microbubbles and to quantify their cavitation activity during infusion through a multi-sideport catheter in a flow phantom mimicking the human femoral vein exposed to 1.5 MHz therapeutic pulsed ultrasound.

methodsEcho contrast agent size distributions were measured with an impedance-based particle counter before and after infusion through a multi-sideport catheter. The echo contrast agents were also insonified by 1.5 MHz ultrasound (1.0 MPa peak negative pressure, 10 Hz pulse repetition frequency, 3 ms pulse duration) after infusion in a 37°C circulating saline-filled flow phantom mimicking the human femoral vein. Passive cavitation imaging quantified stable and inertial cavitation activity during 30 min infusions.

resultsThe post-infusion number density of DEFINITY RT (3.8 ± 1.4 microbubbles/mL x10

conclusionDEFINITY RT yielded the highest cavitation activity and non-expired DEFINITY spawned the least amount of cavitation. The observed differences further highlight that formulation and number density can affect the amount of stable and inertial cavitation activity.

Indexed as

Contrast MediaFluorocarbonsMicrobubblesHumansPhantoms, ImagingContrast MediaFluorocarbonsperflutrenCatheter infusionCavitationCavitation doseContrast agentDEFINITYMicrobubblePassive cavitation imaging

Identifiers

PMID42443006
PMCPMC13456311

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.