ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Clinical characteristics and predictors of prolonged hospitalization in patients with cosmetic botulinum toxin poisoning: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The increasing cosmetic use of botulinum toxin has been accompanied by poisoning events related to inappropriate administration, including excessive dosing, unapproved or unverifiable products, self-injection, and procedures performed outside regulated medical settings. However, the inpatient clinical profile and predictors of prolonged hospitalization remain insufficiently defined. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of cosmetic botulinum toxin poisoning and identify factors associated with longer hospital stay. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized for cosmetic botulinum toxin poisoning at Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital between August 2024 and January 2025. Demographic data, injection-related characteristics, clinical manifestations, antitoxin treatment, hospitalization duration, and available clinical outcomes were extracted from medical records. Patients were divided into a short-stay group (<7 days) and a prolonged-stay group (≥7 days). Univariate analyses and multivariable Cox regression were performed to identify factors associated with hospitalization duration. A nomogram was developed to estimate length of stay. Results: A total of 145 patients were included, with a median age of 37 years; 97.93% were female. The most common injection sites were the forehead (26.35%), periocular region (16.77%), and jaw (11.98%). The most frequent manifestations were dizziness (89.66%), dysphagia (85.52%), blurred vision (75.17%), ptosis (68.28%), and slurred speech (24.83%). In multivariable Cox regression, duration of antitoxin therapy, dysphagia, and slurred speech were independently associated with prolonged hospitalization. A nomogram based on these variables showed acceptable calibration performance (MSE = 1.302; MAE = 1.029). No in-hospital deaths occurred. Conclusion: Cosmetic botulinum toxin poisoning is characterized mainly by cranial nerve-related and bulbar manifestations. Dysphagia, slurred speech, and antitoxin treatment duration were independently associated with prolonged hospitalization. The nomogram may support early risk stratification and inpatient management, although external validation is needed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.